The contestation of urban space is a dialectical process in defining space by stakeholders in urban areas. We will explain the efforts of city citizens to form a collective space by promoting a making culture.

The penetration of technology and the strengthening of evidence-based policies have paved the way for the automated delivery of social services. This study aims to discuss the inherent risks of this automatization, particularly those associated with the discrimination, exclusion and inequality problem, which the authors package under the theoretical umbrella of a digital welfare state (DWS).